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Purebreds are cultivars of an animal species achieved through the process of selective breeding. When the pedigree chart of a purebred animal is recorded, that animal is said to be pedigreed. Purebreds breed true-to-type, which means the progeny of like-to-like purebred parents will carry the same phenotype, or observable characteristics of the parents. A group of like purebreds is called a pure-breeding line or strain.
Breeding from too small a gene pool, especially direct inbreeding, can lead to the passing on of undesirable characteristics or even a collapse of a breed population due to inbreeding depression. Therefore, there is a question, and often heated controversy, as to when or if a breed may need to allow "outside" stock in for the purpose of improving the overall health and vigor of the breed.
Because pure-breeding creates a limited gene pool, purebred animal breeds are also susceptible to a wide range of congenital health problems. This problem is especially prevalent in competitive dog breeding and dog show circles due to the singular emphasis on aesthetics rather than health or function. Such problems also occur within certain segments of the horse industry for similar reasons. The problem is further compounded when breeders practice inbreeding. The opposite effect to that of the restricted gene pool caused by pure-breeding is known as hybrid vigor, which generally results in healthier animals.
The word "pedigree" appeared in the English language in 1410 as "pee de Grewe", "pedegrewe" or "pedegru", each of those words being borrowed to the Middle French "pié de grue", meaning "crane foot". This comes from a visual analogy between the trace of the bird's foot and the three lines used in the English official registers to show the ramifications of a genealogical tree.
Sometimes the word purebred is used synonymously with pedigreed, but purebred refers to the animal having a known ancestry, and pedigree refers to the written record of breeding. Not all purebred animals have their lineage in written form. For example, until the 20th century, the Bedouin people of the Arabian Peninsula only recorded the ancestry of their via an oral tradition, supported by the swearing of religiously based oaths as to the asil or "pure" breeding of the animal. Conversely, some animals may have a recorded pedigree or even a registry, but not be considered "purebred". Today the modern Anglo-Arabian horse, a cross of Thoroughbred and Arabian horse bloodlines, is considered such a case.
New breeds of dog are constantly being created, and there are many websites for new breed associations and breed clubs offering legitimate registrations for new or rare breeds. When dogs of a new breed are "visibly similar in most characteristics" and have reliable documented descent from a "known and designated foundation stock", then they can then be considered members of a breed, and, if an individual dog is documented and registered, it can be called purebred.
Because of common crossbreeding in populated areas, most cats are simply identified as belonging to the unregistered non-pedigree cats of mixed or unknown ancestry, referred to as domestic long-haired and domestic short-haired cat, depending on their fur length. (2025). 9781409347903, Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 9781409347903 Other commonly used terms are random-bred cat, domestic cat, house(hold) cat or moggie/moggy (UK English). Out of the hundreds of millions of cats worldwide, almost none have any purebred ancestors, nor belong to a specific breed, because purebred cats are a human invention of the last 150 years and selectively bred from foundation stock by breeders in closed-off lineages.
According to the government of the United States, fewer than 2% of cats in that country are purebred and raised by breeders. Not all breeders sell registered pedigree cats. In France, this number is higher and approximately 4% of cats are pedigreed. Worldwide the number of pedigreed cats is somewhat lower, and is estimated at approximately 1–2%.
By definition all cats belonging to a specific breed are pedigreed cats with a known and formally Cat registry Genealogy with one of the Cat registry, also known as the cat’s “paperwork” or pedigree. The list of cat breeds is quite large: most Cat registry actually recognize between 30 and 75 breeds of cats, and several more are in development, with one or more new breeds being recognized each year on average, having distinct features (phenotype) and Pedigree chart. Nowadays, there exist over 100 cat breeds and varieties recognized by at least one of the official Cat registry. The purpose of the registry of cat breeds is to develop and maintain a healthy breed by controlling inbreeding and the spread of Genetic disorder, and regulating the well-being of the cats. Cat culture compete in Cat show to see whose animal bears the closest resemblance (best conformance) to an idealized definition, based on breed type and the breed standard for each breed.
Modern breeders created cat breeds, which are actually feline hybrids between a Wild cat and the domestic cat species ( Cat ). A famous example of such a hybrid cat breed is the Savannah cat cat ( Cat × Leptailurus serval ), which is produced by crossing wild Serval with domestic cats.
Some Landrace of cat that have a distinct phenotype were formerly considered or speculated to be subspecies of wild cats or domestic cats ( Felis catus), or hybrids between them. Later genetic research shows that only one wild cat species was domesticated; the north African and southwest Asian wild cat ( Felis silvestris lybica). All domestic (non-hybrid) cats and cat breeds fall under the domestic cat ( Felis catus), and are no longer considered separate (sub)species. The domestication of the Felis silvestris lybica started around 9.000 years ago in the Near East and Egypt region, while the selective breeding of purebred/pedigreed cat breeds only started 150 years ago.
Certain horse breeds, such as the Andalusian horse and the Arabian horse, are claimed by aficionados of the respective breeds to be ancient, near-pure descendants from an ancient wild prototype, though mapping of the horse genome as well as the mtDNA and y-chromosome of various breeds has largely disproved such claims.
In cattle, some breeders associations make a difference between "purebred" and "full blood". Full blood cattle are fully pedigreed animals, where every ancestor is registered in the herdbook and shows the typical characteristics of the breed. Purebred are those animals that have been bred-up to purebred status as a result of using full blood animals to cross with an animal of another breed.
Artificial breeding via artificial insemination or embryo transfer is often used in sheep and cattle breeding to quickly expand, or improve purebred herds. Embryo transfer techniques allow top quality female livestock to have a greater influence on the genetic advancement of a herd or flock in much the same way that artificial insemination has allowed greater use of superior sires.
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